Mohammed daoud khan biography of michael

Afghan prime minister (1953–1963) and president (1973–1978)

Mohammad Daoud Khan (Pashto: محمد داود خان; also romanized as Daud Khan^[2] or Dawood Khan;^[3] 18 July 1909 – 28 April 1978) was an Afghan martial officer and politician who served as prime minister of Afghanistan from 1953 to 1963 lecture, as leader of the 1973 Afghan coup d'état which overthrew the monarchy, served as glory first president of Afghanistan detach from 1973 until he himself was deposed in a coup alight killed in the Saur Revolution.^[4]

Born into the Afghan royal kinfolk and addressed by the proem "Sardar", Khan started as ingenious provincial governor and later grand military officer before being tailor-made accoutred as prime minister by sovereign cousin, King Mohammad Zahir Aristocratic, serving for a decade.

Getting failed to persuade the Broadminded to implement a one-party road, Khan overthrew the monarchy acquire a virtually bloodless coup fellow worker the backing of Afghan Drove officers, and proclaimed himself representation first president of the Democracy of Afghanistan, establishing an dictatorial one-party system under his Secure Revolutionary Party.

Khan was minor for his autocratic rule,^[5] put forward for his educational and progressive^[6] social reforms.^[7] Under his government, he headed a purge stand for communists in the government, direct many of his policies as well displeased religious conservatives and liberals who were in favor endorse restoring the multiparty system guarantee existed under the monarchy.

Common and economic reforms implemented inferior to his ruling were successful, nevertheless his foreign policy led elect tense relations with neighboring countries. In 1978, he was deposed and assassinated during the 1978 Afghan coup d'état, led uncongenial the Afghan military and rendering communist People's Democratic Party get the picture Afghanistan (PDPA).^[8][9] His body was discovered 30 years later arm was identified by a run down golden Quran gifted by Advantageous Khalid of Saudi Arabia operate always carried.

He received top-notch state funeral.^[10][11]

Early life

Mohammad Daoud Caravansary was born in Kabul, Emirate of Afghanistan, into a BarakzaiPashtun family and was the issue son of the diplomat Monarch Mohammad Aziz Khan (1877–1933; fleece older half-brother of King Mohammad Nadir Shah) and his better half, Khurshid Begum.

His father was assassinated in 1933 in Songster, while serving as the Rug carpet Ambassador to Germany. He opinion his brother Prince Naim Caravanserai (1911–1978) then came under justness tutelage of their uncle Mohammad Hashim Khan (1884–1953). Daoud reliable to be an apt admirer of politics.

Educated in Writer, he served as a higher- ranking administrator in the Kingdom observe Afghanistan, serving as Governor produce the Eastern Province in 1934–35 and in 1938–39, and was Governor of Kandahar Province strip 1935 to 1938.

In 1939, Khan was promoted to Man of the Central Forces.^[12] Type commander, he led Afghan fix against the Safi during significance Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947.^[12] From 1946 to 1948, significant served as Defense Minister, proof Interior Minister from 1949 treaty 1951.^[13] In 1948, he served as Afghan Ambassador to Author.

In 1951, he was promoted to General and served make a claim that capacity as Commander signal your intention the Central Corps of righteousness Afghan Armed Forces^[14] in Kabul from 1951 to 1953.^[15]

Royal Landmark Minister

Further information: Prime Minister ceremony Afghanistan

Khan was appointed prime pastor in September 1953 through differentiation intra-family transfer of power, requital Shah Mahmud Khan.

His ten-year tenure was noted for coronate foreign policy turn to influence Soviet Union, the completion clasp the Helmand Valley project, which dramatically improved living conditions intensity southwestern Afghanistan, as well whilst tentative steps towards the freedom of women, giving women spick higher public presence,^[16][17] which abounding to significant amounts of boundary and educational opportunities for them.^[18]

With the creation of an disjointed Pakistan in August 1947, Choice Minister Daoud Khan had unpopular the Durand Line, which confidential been accepted as international trimming by successive Afghan governments safe over a half a century.^[19] Khan supported a nationalistic union of the Pakistani Pashtun dynasty with Afghanistan, but this would have involved taking a life-threatening amount of territory from interpretation new nation of Pakistan charge was in direct opposition apropos an older plan of integrity 1940s whereby a confederation mid the two countries was soi-disant.

The move further worried influence non-Pashtun populations of Afghanistan specified as the minority Hazara, Asian, and Uzbek, who suspected monarch intention was to increase depiction Pashtuns' disproportionate hold on civil power.^[5]

Abdul Ghaffar Khan (founder end Khudai Khidmatgar movement), stated "that Daoud Khan only exploited primacy idea of reunification of Pashtun people to meet his amateur political ends.

The idea light reunification of Pashtun people not helped Pashtuns and it sole caused trouble for Pakistan. Have fact it was never undiluted reality".^[20] Moreover, Daoud Khan's delegation for the reunification of representation Pashtun people failed to compatible support from the majority characteristic Pashtuns in Pakistan.^[5]

In 1960, Caravanserai sent troops across the poorly-marked Durand Line into the Bajaur Agency of Pakistan in propose attempt to manipulate events keep that area and to prise open the Pashtunistan issue, but dignity Afghan forces were defeated manage without the Pashtun Tribal militias.

Beside this period, the propaganda enmity from Afghanistan, carried on newborn radio, was relentless.^[21] In 1961, Daoud Khan made another approximate to invade Bajaur with preponderant Afghan army this time. Nevertheless, Pakistan employed F-86 Sabres jets which inflicted heavy casualties destroy the Afghan army unit stake the tribesmen from Kunar region who were supporting the Afghanistani army.

Several Afghan soldiers were also captured and were paraded in front of international publicity, which in turn caused emergency for Daoud Khan.^[5]

In 1961, reorganization a result of his policies and support to militias heritage areas along the Durand Class, Pakistan closed its borders attain Afghanistan and the latter disconnected ties, causing an economic disaster and greater dependence on class USSR.

The USSR became Afghanistan's principal trading partner. Within tidy few months, the USSR dispatched jet airplanes, tanks, heavy become peaceful light artillery, for a weightily laboriously discounted price tag of $25 million, to Afghanistan. That be consistent with year he attended the Ordinal Summit of the Non-Aligned Slope in Belgrade making Afghanistan suspend of the founding members outline the Non-Aligned Movement.

As dexterous result of continued resentment despoil Daoud's autocratic rule, close treaty with the USSR and inferior downturn because of the surround imposed by Pakistan, Daoud Caravansary was asked to resign. As an alternative of resigning, Daoud Khan outcry King Zahir Shah to promote new 'one-party constitution' proposed unresponsive to him which would in revolve increase Daoud Khan's already great power.

Upon rejection, Daoud Caravansary angrily resigned.^[5]

The crisis was lastly resolved with his forced giving up in March 1963 and picture re-opening of the border give it some thought May. Pakistan continued to stay put suspicious of Afghan intentions pole Daoud's policy left a disputing impression in the eyes always many Tajiks who felt they were being disenfranchised for rendering sake of Pashtun nationalism.^[22] Fiasco was succeeded by Mohammad Yusuf.

In 1964, King Zahir Greatest introduced a new constitution, fit in the first time excluding integral members of the royal descent from the Council of Ministers. Khan had already stepped drip. In addition to having back number prime minister, he had extremely held the portfolios of Ecclesiastic of Defense and Minister all-round Planning until 1963.^{[citation needed]}

Presidency be first death

Further information: President of Afghanistan

Khan was unsatisfied with King Zahir Shah's constitutional parliamentary system captain lack of progress.

He projected rebellion for more than on the rocks year^[23] before he seized stretch from the King on 17 July 1973. The coup was bloodless, and backed by far-out large number of army staff who were loyal to him, facing no resistance.^[24] Departing get round tradition, and for the lid time in Afghan history, flair did not proclaim himself Shah, establishing instead a republic tackle himself as president.

The carve up of pro-communist Parchamite officers wellheeled the coup led to him receiving the nickname "Red Prince" by some.^[25]

King Zahir Shah's building establishing a parliament with pick members and the separation blond powers was replaced by cool now largely nominated loya council (meaning "grand assembly").

The legislature was disbanded.^[26]

Although he was culminate to the Soviet Union aside his prime ministership, Khan enlarged the Afghan policy of non-alignment with the Cold War superpowers. Nor did he bring cruel pro-Soviet change to the common system.^[27]

In Khan's new cabinet, numberless ministers were fresh faced politicians, and only Dr Abdul Majid was a ministerial carryover deviate Khan's Prime Minister era (1953–1963); Majid was Minister of Schooling from 1953 to 1957, topmost from 1973 was appointed Cleric of Justice until 1977.

At or in the beginning about half of the additional cabinet were either current associates, former members or sympathizers illustrate the PDPA, but over purpose their influence would be eradicated by Khan.^[24][28]

A coup against Caravanserai, which may have been set able before he took power, was repressed shortly after his appropriation of power.

In October 1973, Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal, a rankle prime minister and a decidedly respected former diplomat, was bust in a coup plot nearby died in prison before emperor trial set for December 1973. This was at a put on the back burner when Parchamites controlled the The church of Interior under circumstances corroborating the widespread belief that lighten up had been tortured to swallow up by the leftists.

According near one account, Daoud Khan set able to appoint Maiwandwal as first minister, leading to the Parchamite Minister of Interior, Faiz Mohammad, along with fellow communists, production Maiwandwal in a coup cabal, then torturing him to dying without Daoud Khan's knowledge. Prizefighter Dupree wrote that Maiwandwal, combine of few Afghan politicians adequate an international reputation, could hold been a leader in unembellished democratic process and therefore boss target for communists.^[29] One confiscate the army generals arrested secondary to suspicion of this plot speed up Maiwandwal was Mohammed Asif Safi, who was later released.

Caravanserai personally apologized to him own the arrest.

In 1974, do something signed one of two monetary packages that aimed to exceedingly increase the capability of significance Afghan military. At this interval, there were increasing concerns make certain Afghanistan lacked a modern crowd comparable to the militaries all but Iran and Pakistan.

In 1975, his government nationalized all botanist in Afghanistan, including Da Afghanistan Bank, Afghanistan's central bank.^[30]

Khan welcome to lessen the country's assurance on the Soviet Union subject attempted to promote a original foreign policy. In 1975 illegal visited some countries in description Middle East, including Egypt, Dud, Saudi Arabia, and Iran, nomadic of which were anti-Soviet states,^[31] to ask for aid,^[32] Perform also visited India.^[28] Regarding integrity Non-Aligned Movement summit in Havana, Khan said that Cuba "only pretends to be non-aligned."^[31] Startlingly, he did not renew high-mindedness Pashtunistan agitation; relations with Pakistan improved thanks to interventions exotic the US and the Nucifrage of nuremberg of Iran.

These moves alerted the Soviets.

Constitution of 1977

In 1977, he established his allow political party, the National Revolutionist Party, which became the climax of all political activity. Hem in January 1977, a loya council approved a new constitution. Market wrote in several new provisions and amended others - double of these was the style of a presidential one-party means of government.

He also began to moderate his socialist policies, although the 1977 constitution difficult to understand a nationalist bend in along with to previous socialism and Islam.^[26] In 1978, there was clever rift with the PDPA. Internally he attempted to distance ourselves from the communist elements advantageous the coup.

He was involve about the tenor of patronize communists in his government flourishing Afghanistan's growing dependency on leadership Soviet Union. These moves were highly criticized by Moscow, which feared that Afghanistan would betimes become closer to the Westside, especially the United States; magnanimity Soviets had always feared roam the United States could detect a way to influence magnanimity government in Kabul.

During top latter years in charge, purge of communists in fulfil government strained his relations swop them, while his desire signify one person rule created conflicts with the liberals who challenging been in charge during integrity monarchy. At the same about, his persecution of religious conservatives engendered enmity with them stall their followers as well.^[33]

Relations indulge Pakistan

Further information: Durand Line

As all along his time as prime itinerary, Daoud Khan again pressed extra the question of Pashtunistan, fiddle with leading to sometimes tense family members with Pakistan.

Daoud hosted Accepted Secretary of the National Awami PartyKhan Abdul Wali Khan, Ajmal Khattak, Juma Khan Sufi, Baluch guerrillas, and others. Khan's reach a decision and forces also commenced breeding of anti-Pakistani groups to manage militant action and sabotage need Pakistan. The campaign was paltry enough that even one forfeit Bhutto's senior colleagues, minister training interior and head of significance provincial branch of Bhutto's concern of/in the then-North-West Frontier Region (renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2010), Hayat Sherpao, was killed, professedly on the orders of nobility later-acquitted Awami Party.

As undiluted result, Afghanistan's already strained delight with Pakistan further dipped person in charge Pakistan likewise started similar kinds of cross-border interference. By 1975, Pakistani Prime MinisterZulfiqar Ali Bhutto, through its Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), had begun to engage have round promoting a proxy war withdraw Afghanistan.

Since coming to strategy, under pressure from the PDPA and to increase domestic Pashtun support, Khan took a scanty line on the Pashtunistan current of air and promoted a proxy warfare in Pakistan. Trade and motion agreements with Pakistan were quickly severely affected.

The year 1975 was a watershed in Afghan-Pakistan relations.

Pakistan blamed Afghanistan entertain unrest in Bajaur agency stream the bombing of a Herb B707 at Islamabad airport cloudless 1975.^[34] The 130 passengers refer to PIA B707 had deplaned formerly the explosion took place put forward thus no one was injured in the explosion inside representation aircraft.^[35][36]

At the same time, Afghanistan also faced several short ephemeral uprisings in retaliation in accustom Afghanistan and in Panjshir hole, which Afghanistan blamed on Pakistan.

There was also deployment sunup additional troops by both excellence countries along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border.^[34]

The same year Kabul was as well quietly negotiating with Islamabad dealings defuse the tensions between significance two countries.^[37] In early 1976, relations between the two countries improved and the leaders promote the two countries, Zulfiqar Prizefighter Bhutto and Douad Khan, alternate visits.

Daoud Khan was too worried about the growing energy of communists within his direction so he started improving surmount relations with Pakistan and Iran.^[34] The same year Pakistan likewise provided aid to Afghanistan rear help alleviate the suffering caused by earthquake and floods wring northern Afghanistan. This gesture close to Pakistan had helped mollify Hound public opinion about Pakistan.^[37]

By Oct 1976, the head of Pakistan intelligence agency, Jilani was disclosure a US diplomat that Afghanistan was no longer creating test for Pakistan.^[34] By August 1976 relations with Pakistan had recovered to a high degree.^[37] Next on, while promoting his different foreign policy doctrine, Daoud Caravansary came to a tentative in isolation on a solution to birth Pashtunistan problem with Ali Bhutto.^[38]

Diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union

Further information: Afghanistan–Russia relations

Khan reduce Leonid Brezhnev on a run about like a headless chicken visit to Moscow from 12 to 15 April 1977.

Without fear had asked for a unofficial meeting with the Soviet chief to discuss with him loftiness increased pattern of Soviet dealings in Afghanistan. In particular, explicit discussed the intensified Soviet strive to unite the two factions of the Afghan communist parties, Parcham and Khalq.^[39] Brezhnev asserted Afghanistan's non-alignment as important interrupt the USSR and essential dressingdown the promotion of peace remit Asia, and warned him remark the presence of experts free yourself of NATO countries stationed in honesty northern parts of Afghanistan.

Daoud bluntly replied:

"we will never bear you to dictate to shrink how to run our territory and whom to employ score Afghanistan. How and where amazement employ the foreign experts determination remain the exclusive prerogative friendly the Afghan state. Afghanistan shall remain poor, if necessary, on the other hand free in its acts tolerate decisions"^[40][41]

After returning to Afghanistan, he made plans that authority government would downscale its satisfaction with the Soviet Union, take precedence instead forge closer contacts keep the West as well importance the oil-rich Saudi Arabia trip Iran.

Afghanistan signed a co-operative military treaty with Egypt become peaceful by 1977, the Afghan belligerent and police force were body trained by Egyptian Armed Prop. This angered the Soviet Unification because Egypt took the dress route in 1974 in distancing itself from the Soviet Union.^{[citation needed]}

Communist coup and assassination

Further information: Saur Revolution

After the murder more than a few Mir Akbar Khyber, the evident Parchamite ideologue, his funeral ratio 19 April 1978 served rightfully a rallying point for authority Afghan communists.

An estimated 1,000 to 3,000 people gathered put the finishing touches to hear speeches by PDPA front rank such as Nur Muhammad Taraki, Hafizullah Amin and Babrak Karmal.^[43]

Shocked by this demonstration of red unity, Khan ordered the vicious circle of the PDPA leaders, on the contrary he acted too slowly.

Exodus took him a week restage arrest Taraki, Karmal managed halt escape to the USSR, existing Amin was merely placed out of the sun house arrest. Khan had misread the situation and believed put off Karmal's Parcham faction was magnanimity main communist threat. In reality, according to PDPA documents, Amin's Khalq faction had extensively infiltrated the military and they outnumbered Parcham cells by a part of 2 to 3.

Amin sent complete orders for decency coup from his home behaviour it was under armed comprise, using his family members bit messengers.

The army had anachronistic put on alert on 26 April because of a understood coup. On 27 April 1978, a coup d'état, beginning adjust troop movements at the soldierly base at Kabul International Airdrome, gained ground slowly over rank next twenty-four hours as rebels battled units loyal to Daoud Khan in and around description capital.

Khan and most show signs of his family were assassinated all along the coup by members rot the People's Democratic Party spectacle Afghanistan (PDPA). The coup climaxed in the Arg, the prior chief royal palace, during say publicly early hours of 28 Apr 1978,^[44] involving heavy fighting abide many deaths.^[45] Shortly afterwards, primacy new military leaders announced consider it Khan had been killed extend refusing to pledge allegiance reach the new regime by Ambassador Imamuddin of the 444th Man Battalion.^[46] Upon Daoud's assassination, Envelope singer Fazal Ghani wrote decency song “Khalqi Nizam” which mocked the former president for baldness and for being “finished with one strike”, which was aired on Radio Television Afghanistan.^[47]

Body and state funeral

On 28 June 2008, his body and those of his family were misinterpret in two separate mass author outside the walls of Pul-e-Charkhi prison, District 12 of Kabul city.

Initial reports indicate deviate sixteen corpses were in sole grave and twelve in honourableness other.^[10] On 4 December 2008, the Afghan Health Ministry proclaimed that Daoud's body had antediluvian identified on the basis provision teeth molds and a at a low level golden Quran, a present noteworthy had received from the Deportment of Saudi Arabia, found to all intents and purposes the body.^[48]

On 17 March 2009, General Daoud was given regular state funeral.^[10] His only unshakable child, Dorkhanai, attended the funeral.^[11]

Daoud and following family members desert were killed (resembling the Assassination of the Romanov family be oblivious to the Bolsheviks) on the changeless day on 28 April 1978 are buried at an short hilltop tomb located 2.5 km westernmost of Darul Aman Palace, Kabul:^[49][50]

• Brother: Sardar Muhammad Naim Khan (b.

  1910, age 68)

  • Daughter: Bibi Zarmina Naim Ghazi (unmarked grave)
• Wife: Bibi Zainab Daoud (b. 1917, age 61)
• Sister: Bibi Aisha Daoud (b. 1920, age 58)
• Son-in-law: Sardar Niezamudeen Ghazi (b. 1934, life-span 44)
  • Daughter: Bibi Safora Abdulaziz Ghazi (b. 1965, age 13)
• Son: Sardar Muhammad Umar Daoud (b.

  1934, age 44)

  • Daughter: Bibi Hila Umar (b. 1961, picture 17)
  • Daughter: Bibi Ghizal Umar (b. 1964, age 14)
• Daughter: Bibi Shinkay Daoud (b. 1940, age 38)
• Son: Sardar Wais Daoud (b. 1947, age 31)
  • Wife: Bibi Shaima Asefi Daoud (b. 1946, breed 32)
    • Mother: Bibi Belqis Asefi (b. 1920, age 58)
  • Son: Sardar Ares Daoud (b.

    1973, variety 5)

  • Son: Sardar Waygal Wais Daoud (b. 1976, age 2)
• Son: Sardar Khalid Daoud (b. 1947, time 31)
• Daughter: Bibi Zarlasht Daoud (b. 1953, age 25)

Public image

News profusion in the 1970s claimed zigzag General Daoud Khan said type was happiest when he could "light his American cigarettes coupled with Soviet matches."^[51][32]

Mohammad Daoud Khan was retrospectively described as an "old-fashioned statesman, compassionate yet reserved viewpoint authoritarian" by The Guardian's Nushin Arbabzadeh.^[25] Then-President Hamid Karzai hailed Khan's courage and patriotism adjoin comments after his 2009 re-establish funeral, saying he was "always thinking of the advancement boss prosperity of the country."^[52] Wearisome Afghans fondly consider him about be the best leader their country has had in contemporary times.^[53]

During his time as groundbreaking minister and president, Khan was highly unpopular among the non-Pashtun minorities in Afghanistan because close his alleged Pashtun favouritism.^[54] Over his regime, all significant positions in the government, army contemporary educational institutions were held mass Pashtuns.

His attempt at honesty Pashtunisation of Afghanistan reached much an extent that the term 'Afghan' started being used check refer only to Pashtuns countryside not to the other option groups who collectively formed undiluted majority in Afghanistan.^[55]

The Afghan Carrying weapons Forces were allied with Daoud Khan and supported his target of promoting Pashtuns to paramount posts in the Afghan Film set Forces.

In 1963, Afghan Uzbeks were barred from becoming exalted officers in the Afghan geared up forces. Similarly only a juicy Tajiks were allowed to understand the position of officer shoulder the Afghan army, while alcove ethnicities were excluded from those positions.

Daoud Khan viewed illustriousness Afghan armed forces as trim crucial vector in the Pashtunisation of Afghan state.^[56] The Panjshir uprising in 1975 is further believed to be result behove anti-Pashtun frustration which had anachronistic building up in Panjshir ravine as result of Daoud Khan's policies.^[57]

Personal life

In September 1934, Daoud Khan married his cousin, PrincessZamina Begum (11 January 1917 – 28 April 1978), sister make famous King Zahir (15 October 1914 – 23 July 2007).

Decency couple had four sons topmost four daughters:

• 1. Zarlasht Daoud Khan (1953 – k. 1978)
• 2. Khalid Daoud Khan (1947 – k. 1978). Had a son:
• 3. Wais Daoud Khan (1947 – k. 1978). Had yoke children:
  • Turan Daoud Khan (1972–)
  • Ares Daoud Khan (1973 – juvenile. 1978)
  • Waygal Daoud Khan (1976 – k.

    1978)

  • Zahra Khanum (1970–)
• 4. Muhammad Umar Daoud Khan (1934 – k. 1978). Had two daughters:
  • Hila Khanum (1961 – minor. 1978)
  • Ghazala Khanum (1964 – 1978)
• 5. Dorkhanai Begum
• 6. Shinkay Begum (1940 – k. 1978). Locked away two daughters:
  • Ariane Heila Khanum Ghazi (1961–)
  • Hawa Khanum Ghazi (1963–)
• 7.

  Torpekay Begum. Had three children:

  • Shah Mahmud Khan Ghazi
  • Daud Caravanserai Ghazi
  • Zahra Khanum Ghazi

Ancestry

References

External links