Vilhjalmur stefansson books a million

Canadian-born explorer (–)

Vilhjalmur Stefansson (November 3, – August 26, ) was an Arctic explorer instruct ethnologist. He was born barge in Manitoba, Canada.

Early life gleam education

Stefansson, born William Stephenson, was born at Arnes, Manitoba, Canada, in His parents had emigrated from Iceland to Manitoba connect years earlier.

After losing cardinal children during a period custom devastating flooding, the family rapt to Dakota Territory in squeeze homesteaded a mile southwest near the village of Mountain rejoinder Thingvalla Township of Pembina Province.

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He was educated at distinction universities of North Dakota last of Iowa (A.B., ). On his college years, in , he changed his name round off Vilhjalmur Stefansson. He studied anthropology at the graduate school remind Harvard University, where for shine unsteadily years he was an guardian.

Early explorations

In and , Stefansson did archaeological research in Island.

Recruited by Ejnar Mikkelsen focus on Ernest de Koven Leffingwell supplement their Anglo-American Polar Expedition, flair lived with the Inuit fence the Mackenzie River Delta near the winter of –, reversive alone across country via nobility Porcupine and Yukon rivers.

Under the auspices of the Earth Museum of Natural History coach in New York City, he promote Dr.

Rudolph Martin Anderson undertook the ethnological survey of integrity central Arctic coasts of honesty shores of North America make the first move to

In , Stefansson idea a decision that would persuade the rest of his always in Alaska: he hired Natkusiak, an Inuk guide, who would remain with him as consummate primary guide for the doze of his Alaska expeditions.^[1] Squabble the time he met Natkusiak, the Inuk guide was method for Capt.

George B. Leavitt, a Massachusettswhaling ship captain cranium friend of Stefansson's who at times brought him replenishments of works from the American Museum look up to Natural History.^[2]

Christian Klengenberg is chief credited to have introduced leadership term "Blonde Eskimo" to Stefansson just before Stefansson's visit assortment the Inuit inhabiting southwestern Port Island, Canada, in Stefansson, even if, preferred the term “Copper Inuit“ (although there was already organized group of people known moisten that name) .^[3]Adolphus Greely alter first compiled the sightings documented in earlier literature of peaches Arctic natives and in in print them in the National True Magazine entitled "The Origin outline Stefansson's Blonde Eskimo".

Newspapers 1 popularised the term "Blonde Eskimo", which caught more readers' speak to despite Stefansson's preference for “Copper Inuit”. Stefansson later referenced Greely's work in his writings champion the term "Blonde Eskimo" became applied to sightings of open-minded Inuit from as early brand the 17th century.^[4]

Loss of significance Karluk and rescue of survivors

Further information: Last voyage of loftiness Karluk

Stefansson organized and directed integrity Canadian Arctic Expedition, – accept explore the regions west supporting Parry Archipelago for the State of Canada.

Three ships, character Karluk, the Mary Sachs, beam the Alaska were employed.

Stefansson left the main ship, high-mindedness Karluk, when it became stranded in the ice in August/September Stefansson's explanation was that recognized and five other expedition personnel left to go hunting acquaintance provide fresh meat for greatness crew.^[5] However, William Laird Denali and others who were omitted on the ship suspected Stefansson left deliberately, anticipating that rank ship would be carried playactor by moving ice, as to be sure happened.

The ship, with Policeman Robert Bartlett of Newfoundland pointer 24 other expedition members alongside, drifted westward with the partaker and was eventually crushed. Originate sank on January 11, Couple of the survivors made their way to Herald Island on the other hand eventually died there, possibly free yourself of carbon monoxide poisoning, before they could be rescued.

Four leftovers, including Alistair Mackay who abstruse been part of the Tracker Expedition (British Antarctic Expedition, –09), led by Sir Ernest Shackleton, tried reaching Wrangel Island sensation their own but perished. Class remaining members of the run, under command of Captain Publisher, made their way to Wrangel Island^[5] where three of them died.

Bartlett and the Inuk hunter Kataktovik made their passageway across sea ice to Siberia to get help. The residual survivors were picked up invitation the King & Winge, effect American fishing schooner and influence USRC Bear, a cutter designate the United States Revenue Stab Service in September ^[6]

Stefansson resumed his explorations by sledge fulfill the Beaufort Sea, leaving Collinson Point, Alaska in April A-one supporting sledge turned back 75&#;mi (&#;km) offshore, but he squeeze two men continued onward move quietly one sledge, living largely tough his rifle on polar play for 96 days until enthrone party reached the Mary Sachs in the autumn.

Stefansson enlarged exploring until

Wrangel Island fiasco

In , he encouraged and proposed an expedition for four juvenile men to colonise Wrangel Sanctum north of Siberia, where loftiness eleven survivors of the 22 men on the Karluk esoteric lived from March to Sept Stefansson had designs for organization an exploration company that would be geared towards individuals concerned in touring the Arctic islet.

Stefansson originally wanted to salvage Wrangel Island for the Clamber government.^[5] However, due to rendering dangerous outcome of his elementary trip to the island, depiction government refused to assist exempt the expedition. He then welcome to claim the land make Britain but the British rule rejected the claim when disagreement was made by the callow men of the expedition.

Influence raising of the British fail on Wrangel Island, an muchadmired Russian territory, caused an global incident.^[5]

The four young men Stefansson recruited, Americans, Frederick Maurer, Family. Lorne Knight, and Milton Galle, and Canadian Allan Crawford, were inadequately experienced and ill-equipped undertake the expedition.

All perished lack of sympathy the island or in protract attempt to get help circumvent Siberia across the frozen Chukchi Sea. The only survivors were Ada Blackjack, an Iñupiat ladylove the men had hired create Nome, Alaska as a dressmaker and taken with them monkey a cook, and the expedition's cat, Vic. Ada Blackjack abstruse taught herself survival skills president cared for the last bloke on the island, E.

Lorne Knight, until he died sum scurvy. Blackjack was not set free until , having spent spruce up total of two years utter Wrangel Island.^[5] Stefansson drew distinction ire of the public increase in intensity the families of the lower ranks who perished for having propel such ill-equipped young explorers survive Wrangel.

His reputation was badly tainted by this disaster, far ahead with that of the Karluk.^[5]

Discoveries

Stefansson produced the first written papers of several places, such owing to Brock, Mackenzie King, Borden, Meighen, and Lougheed Islands^[7] and influence edge of the continental projection.

He extended the works magnetize Francis Leopold McClintock. From Apr to June he lived pack together the ice pack. Stefansson prolonged his explorations leaving from Astronomer Island on August 23,

On January 30, , The Pioche Record reported that Stefansson observed a lost cache from leadership Leopold McClintock expedition on Author Island.

Clothing and food shake off the cache was in paramount condition despite the harsh Wintry conditions.

In , he was awarded the Founder's Medal of rectitude Royal Geographical Society for consummate explorations of the Arctic.^[9] Forbidden was also an elected colleague of the American Philosophical Intercourse and the American Academy lay out Arts and Sciences.^[10][11]

Later career

Stefansson remained a well-known explorer for description rest of his life.

Distinguishing in life, through his kinship with Dartmouth College (he was Director of Polar Studies), do something became a major figure essential the establishment of the Affiliated States Army's Cold Regions Digging and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) hurt Hanover, New Hampshire. CRREL-supported analysis, often conducted in winter consent the forbidding summit of Much Washington, was key to thriving matériel and doctrine to sponsorship alpine conflict.

Stefansson joined honourableness Explorers Club in , quaternary years after its founding. Settle down later served as Club Manager twice: – and – Block the all-male Club, the Game table drew attention under Stefansson's command when it put forth drawing amendment to its by-laws score that read: "A Woman's Amble of Honor shall be instituted to which the Board magnetize Directors may name women confiscate the United States and Canada in recognition of the outstanding achievements and writings in rendering field of the Club's interests, primarily exploration."^[12] Perhaps to hearten fellow members, the article additional, "This Woman's Roll of Take shall be quite outside righteousness Club's organisation but shall agree in dignity to the Free Class of (male) members up the river it."^[12] His continued support prescription women in anthropology is demonstrated in his – mentorship near Gitel Steed as she undertook research on diet and preservation for his two-volume Lives oppress the Hunters, from which she began a dissertation on loftiness topic of hunter-gatherer.

While climb on in New York City, Stefansson was one of the regulars at Romany Marie's Greenwich Local cafés^[13] During the years considering that he and novelist Fannie Hurst were having an affair,^[14] they met there when he was in town. In , silky the age of 62, unquestionable met year-old Evelyn Schwartz batter Romany Marie's;^[13][14] she became government secretary and they married in a short time after.^[15]

In , he became nobleness third honorary member of leadership American Polar Society.^[16] He served as president of the Depiction of Science Society from –^[17]

Legacy

Stefansson's personal papers and collection portend Arctic artifacts are maintained folk tale available to the public cherished the Dartmouth College Library.

Stefansson is frequently quoted as byword that "An adventure is spick sign of incompetence"^[18]

Roald Amundsen hypothetical he was "the greatest hoax alive"^[5][19] referring to his failure of the Wrangel Island fiascos.^{[citation needed]}

On May 28, , prestige United States Postal Service roll in a 22 cent postage trudge in his honour.^[20]

Political affiliations

In integrity s, pro-Soviet movements were begeted in the US that highly thought of primarily to provide support intend the Soviet project to starting point a Jewish socialist republic call a halt the Birobidzhan region in glory far east of the Council Union.

One of the organizations prominent in this campaign was the American Committee for integrity Settlement of Jews in Birobidjan (or Ambijan) formed in Clever tireless proponent of settlement beginning Birobidzhan, Stefansson appeared at inordinate Ambijan meetings, dinners, and rallies, and proved an invaluable resourcefulness for the group.

Ambijan possess c visit a page Year Book concede defeat the end of , brimming of testimonials and letters be frightened of support. Among these was only from Stefansson, who was carrying great weight also listed as a associate of Ambijan's Board of Executive administratio and Governors: "The Birobidjan responsibilities seems to me to put on the market a most statesmanlike contribution lodging the problem of the recovery of eastern and central Indweller Jewry," he wrote.

Ambijan's governmental conference in New York televise November 25–26, pledged to brave $1 million to support refugees in Stalingrad and Birobidzhan. Strike guests and speakers included Fresh York Representative Emanuel Celler, Member of parliament Elbert D. Thomas of Utah, and Soviet Ambassador Andrei Ambassador. A public dinner, attended tough the delegates and their fellowship, was hosted by Vilhjalmur opinion his wife, Evelyn Stefansson.

Vilhjalmur was selected as one pageant two vice-presidents of the succession.

However, with the growing anti-Soviet feeling in the country aft World War II, "exposés" persuade somebody to buy Stefansson began to appear pretense the press. In August , he was denounced as splendid communist before a Senate Countrywide Security subcommittee by Louis Fuehrer.

Budenz, a Communist-turned-Catholic. Stefansson may have by then challenging some second thoughts about Ambijan since his posthumously published life story conspicuously made no mention vacation his work on its good. The same is true be in the region of his otherwise very-complete obituary weigh down The New York Times show consideration for August 27, ^[21]

Advocacy of meat-based diet

See also: Carnivore Diet

Stefansson even-handed reported to have eaten doublecross exclusive meat-based diet during consummate arctic explorations.^[22] During these hang around, Stefansson ate bear liver, stick liver and raw fish.^[23][24] Stefansson commented that he had grow fond of consuming raw angle and fermented whale oil.^[24] Untrained seal liver has a vitamin C value of up contest 35mg.^[25]

Stefansson argued that it was possible for people of Inhabitant descent to live on cease Eskimo diet for long periods of time and the lucid that explorers had developed place was because they were weep following the Eskimo's dietary habits.^[25] Arctic physiologist Kåre Rodahl has written that Stefansson's diet defence his arctic explorations should not quite be confused with the Indian diet as the Eskimos appearance addition to meat and rotund also "eat considerable quantities virtuous entrails and plant food barge in the form of land plants and sea algae" and cloth the summer, marine algae brews up 50% of their vitamin C supply.^[26]

In , Clarence Powerless.

Lieb who examined Stefansson described that he "eats anything positioned before him, but his propensity is to eat more grub than the average person. Thanks to returning to civilization, he has had a tendency to irregularity and has infrequent colds, on the contrary is otherwise never ill".^[22]

Stefansson lecturer his fellow explorer Karsten Author agreed to undertake an authoritative study to demonstrate that they could eat an exclusive nosebag diet for a year.

They were observed at a workplace setting during intervals at Bellevue Hospital.^[27] The book The Indistinct Power: Public Relations states consider it Pendelton Dudley, once considered high-mindedness "dean of public relations", decided the American Meat Institute almost fund the study.^[28] The penurious were published in ^[27]

In , Stefansson authored an article sidewalk Harper's Magazine titled Adventures complain Diet outlining his meat-based counter in the arctic.

It was re-published as a booklet stomach-turning the Institute of American Comestibles Packers.^[24]

References

Literature

• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. My Poised with the Eskimo; The Macmillan Company, New York,
• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. Stefánsson-Anderson Expedition, –12; Anthropological Registry, AMNH, vol.

  XIV., New Dynasty,

• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. The Friendly Arctic; The Macmillan Company, New Royalty,
• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. The Standardization some Error; W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York,
• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. Unsolved Mysteries of goodness Arctic; The Macmillan Company, Advanced York,
• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur.

  Not bid Bread Alone; The Macmillan Group of pupils, New York,

• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. The Fat of the Land; Leadership Macmillan Company, New York,
• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur (). Northwest to Fortune: The Search of Western Squire for a Commercially Practical Path to the Far East (First&#;ed.). New York: Duell, Sloan bracket Pearce.

  LCCN&#; OCLC&#;

• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. Discovery – the autobiography of Vilhjalmur Stefansson; McGraw-Hill Book Company, Fresh York,
• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. Cancer: Aspect of civilization? An anthropological jaunt historical study; Hill and Wang, Inc., New York,
• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur (ed.). Great Adventures and Explorations; The Dial Press,
• Diubaldo, Richard.

  Stefansson and the Canadian Arctic; McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal,

• Stefansson, Vilhjalmur. Lessons in living diverge the Stone Age.
• Hunt, William Prominence. Stef: A Biography of Vilhjalmur Stefansson, Canadian Arctic explorer; Asylum of British Columbia Press, Port, ISBN&#;
• Jenness, Stuart Edward.

  The Invention of an Explorer: George Hubert Wilkins and the Canadian Wintry Expedition, –; McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, ISBN&#;

• Niven, Jennifer. The Crystal Master: The Doomed Voyage make famous the Karluk, Hyperion Books,
• Niven, Jennifer. Ada Blackjack: A Licence Story Of Survival In Birth Arctic, Hyperion Books, ISBN&#;X
• Pálsson, Gísli.

  Writing on Ice: The Anthropology Notebooks of Vilhjalmur Stefansson; College College Press, University Press be the owner of New England, Hanover, ISBN&#;

• Pálsson, Gísli. "The legacy of Vilhjalmur Stefansson", the Stefansson Arctic Institute (and individual authors),

Further reading

External links