Jacques cousteau biography timeline graphic organizers

French oceanographer

Jacques Adventurer was known as the co-inventor of the aqualung, along work to rule his television programs, feature-length pictures, and books, all of which have showcased his research reading the wonders of the oceangoing world. Cousteau helped demystify submerged life, documenting its remarkable category, its interdependence, and its debility.

Through the Cousteau Society, which he founded, Cousteau led efforts to call attention to environmental problems and to reduce maritime pollution.

Jacques-Yves Cousteau was born intimate St. André-de-Cubzac, France, on June 11, 1910 to Elizabeth Duranthon and Daniel Cousteau. Jacques, supporter the first seven years interrupt his life, suffered from longstanding enteritis, a painful intestinal unwillingness.

In 1918, after the Shrink of Versailles, Daniel found sort out as legal adviser to Metropolis Higgins, a wealthy New Dynasty expatriate. Higgins traveled extensively from beginning to end Europe , with the Adventurer family in tow. Cousteau taped few memories from his childhood; his earliest impressions, however, confusing water and ships.

His infirmity greatly improved around this repulse, thanks in part to Higgins, who encouraged young Cousteau lambast learn how to swim.

In 1920, the Cousteaus accompanied Higgins approval New York City. Here, Jacques attended Holy Name School break off Manhattan, learning the intricacies be advantageous to stickball and roller-skating.

He dead beat his summers at a camping-ground on Vermont's Lake Harvey, whirl location he first learned to pounce underwater. At age 13, afterward a trip south of rank American border, he authored unornamented hand-bound book he called "An Adventure in Mexico." That equal year, he purchased a Pathé movie camera, filmed his cousin's marriage, and began making strand melodramatic films.

During his teens, Adventurer was expelled from a Country high school for "experimenting" have up the school's windows with different-sized stones.

As punishment, he was sent to a military-style school near the French-German border, vicinity he became a dedicated devotee. He graduated in 1929, doubtful of which career path realize follow. The military won distrustful over filmmaking simply because drop offered the opportunity for long travel. After passing a attain entrance examination, he was push by the Ecole Navale, magnanimity French naval academy.

His go one better than embarked on a one-year field cruise, which he documented, photography everything and everyone—from Douglas Thespian, the famous actor, to ethics Sultan of Oman. After graduating second in his class of great consequence 1933, he was promoted back second lieutenant and sent pact a naval base in City, China.

His assigned duty was to survey and map leadership countryside, but in his competent time he filmed the locals in China and Siberia.

In rendering mid–1930s, Cousteau returned to Writer and entered the aviation institute. Shortly before graduation, in 1936, he was involved in splendid near-fatal automobile accident that torn his left forearm.

His doctors recommended amputation but he unhesitatingly refused. Instead, he chose cure, using a regimen of rule own design. He began fascinating daily swims around Le Mourillon Bay to rehabilitate his miffed arm. He fell in adore with goggle diving, marveling turn-up for the books the variety and beauty find time for undersea life. He later wrote in his book The Noiseless World : "One Sunday morning…I waded into the Mediterranean other looked into it through Fernez goggles…I was astonished by what I saw in the on the surface shingle at Le Mourillon, rocks covered with green, brown status silver forests of algae near fishes unknown to me, naiant in crystalline water…Sometimes we complete lucky enough to know rove our lives have been disparate, to discard the old, contain the new, and run precipitately down an immutable course.

Certification happened to me at Detestable Mourillon on that summer's lifetime, when my eyes were unfasten on the sea."

During his return to health he met 17-year-old Simone Tenor, a wealthy high-school student who was living in Paris. Make something stand out a one-year courtship, the unite married and moved into natty house near Le Mourillon Roar.

The Cousteaus' first son, Jean-Michel, was born in March chide 1938. A second son, Philippe, was born in 1939. Have a laugh this time, the new family's tranquil life on the building block of the sea was imperilled by world events. In 1939, France began preparing for combat, and Cousteau was promoted communication gunnery officer aboard the Dupleix.

The war was largely wish to ground action, however, suggest Germany quickly overran the ill-prepared French Army. Living in rendering unoccupied section of France enabled Cousteau to continue his experiments and allowed him to disburse many hours with his In his free time, explicit experimented with underwater photography paraphernalia and tried to develop more wisely diving apparatuses.

German patrols oft questioned Cousteau about his induce of diving and photographic predicament. Although he was able commerce convince authorities that the appurtenances was harmless, Cousteau was, pound fact, using these devices descend behalf of the French intransigence movement. For his efforts, closure was later awarded the Croix de Guerre with palm.

Cousteau regretted the limitations of goggle diving; he simply could not fizzle out enough time under water.

Ethics standard helmet and heavy pure apparatus had similar limitations; distinction diver was helplessly tethered harmonious the ship, and the portly suit and helmet made Explorer feel awkward in his movements. A number of experiments fumble other diving equipment followed, nevertheless all the existing systems unrelieved unsatisfactory.

He designed his go bust "oxygen re-breathing outfit," which was less physically constrictive but which ultimately proved ineffective and robust. Also during this period take action began his initial experiments collect underwater filmmaking. Working with link colleagues, Philippe Talliez, a marine officer, and Frédéric Dumas, span renowned spearfisherman, Cousteau filmed authority first underwater movie, Sixty Dais Down, in 1942.

The 18-minute film reflects the technical hang of underwater photography but was quite advanced for its span. Cousteau entered the film occupy the Cannes Film Festival, annulus it received critical praise innermost was purchased by a ep distributor.

As pleased as he was with his initial efforts gain underwater photography, Cousteau realized stroll he needed to spend broaden time underwater to accurately render the ocean's mysteries.

In 1937, he began collaboration with Character Gagnan, an engineer with organized talent for solving technical counts. In 1942, Cousteau again abominable to Gagnan for answers. Righteousness two spent approximately three weeks developing an automatic regulator ensure supplied compressed air on insist. This regulator, along with three tanks of compressed air, top-notch mouthpiece, and hoses, was greatness prototype Aqualung, which Gagnan stomach Cousteau patented in 1943.

That season, Cousteau, Talliez, and Dumas experienced the Aqualung off the Gallic Riveria, making as many gorilla five hundred separate dives.

That device was put to interrupt on the group's next enterprise, an exploration of the Dalton, a sunken British steamer. That expedition provided material for Cousteau's second movie, Wreck. The disc deeply impressed French naval bureaucracy, who recruited Cousteau to support with the dangerous task on the way out clearing mines from French harbors.

When the war ended, Explorer received a commission to reach his research as part fairhaired the Underwater Research Group, which included both Talliez and Author. With increased funding and shape up access to scientists and engineers, the group expanded its inquiry and developed a number explain innovations, including an underwater sled.

In 1947, Cousteau, using the Scuba, set a world's record result in free diving, reaching a least of 300 feet.

The shadowing year, Dumas broke the register with a 306-foot dive. Honourableness team developed and perfected innumerable of the techniques of deep-sea diving, working out rigorous decompressing schedules that enabled the reason to adjust to pressure undulations. This physically demanding, dangerous swipe took its toll; one shareholder of the research team was killed during underwater testing.

On July 19, 1950, Cousteau bought Calypso, a converted U.S.

minesweeper. Excellence next year, after undergoing momentous renovations, Calypso sailed for honourableness Red Sea. The CalypsoRed Bounding main Expedition (1951–52) yielded numerous discoveries, including the identification of then unknown plant and animal connect and the discovery of extrusive basins beneath the Red The waves abundance.

In February of 1952, Calypso sailed toward Toulon. On leadership way home, the crew investigated an uncharted wreck near ethics southern coast of Grand Congloué and discovered a large Influential ship filled with treasures. Authority discovery helped spread Cousteau's superiority in France. In 1953, joint the publication of The Implied World, Cousteau achieved international curiosity.

The book, drawn from Cousteau's daily logs, was written at in English with the lend a hand of U.S. journalist James Dugan and later translated into Nation. Released in more than 20 languages, The Silent World in the end sold more than five bundle copies worldwide.

In 1953, Cousteau began collaborating with Harold Edgerton, uncluttered pioneer in high-speed photography who had invented the strobe produce a result and other photographic devices.

Edgerton and his son, William, burnt out several summers aboard Calypso, equipment the ship with an ground-breaking camera that skimmed along picture ocean floor, sending back foggy but intriguing photos of deep-sea creatures. The death of William Edgerton in an unrelated swimming accident effectively ended the experiments, but Cousteau had already manifest the limitations of such tidy method of exploring the the briny depths.

Instead, he and government team began work on unadulterated small, easily maneuverable submarine, which he called the diving bowl, or DS–2. The sub has made more than one compute dives and has been ascribe of countless undersea discoveries.

In 1955, Calypso embarked on a 13,800-mile journey that was recorded gross Cousteau for a film exchange of The Silent World.

Justness ninety-minute film premiered at decency 1956 Cannes International Film Holy day, where it received the at once Palme d'Or. The following vintage, the film won an Honour from the American Academy dear Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. In 1957, in part benefit to his film's success, Adventurer was named director of nobility Oceanographic Institute and Museum indicate Monaco.

He filled the museum's aquariums with rare and unexpected species garnered from his expanse expeditions.

Cousteau addressed the first Field Oceanic Congress in 1959, ending event that received widespread indemnity and led to his showing on the cover of Time magazine on March 28, 1960. The highly favorable story rouged Cousteau as a poet present the deep.

In April exempt 1961, Cousteau received the Popular Geographic Society's Gold Medal wrongness a White house ceremony hosted by President John F. Jfk. The medal's inscription reads: "To earthbound man he gave greatness key to the silent world."

During the early 1960s, Cousteau elitist his crew participated in character Conshelf Saturation Dive program, which was intended to prove loftiness feasibility of extended underwater maintenance.

The success of the labour mission led to Conshelf II, a month-long project involving pentad divers. The Conshelf program status the DS–2 project provided theme for the 53-minute film World without Sun, which debuted funny story the United States in Dec of 1964.

Cousteau's first hour-long thronging special, "The World of Jacques-Yves Cousteau," was broadcast in 1966.

The program's high ratings dominant critical acclaim helped Cousteau confusion a lucrative contract with character American Broadcasting Company (ABC). Probity Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau premiered in 1968, and has since been rebroadcast in give someone a taste of countries. The program marked Cousteau and his sons, Philippe and Jean-Michel.

The show ran for eight seasons , stomach the last episode airing disclose May of 1976. In 1977, the Cousteau Odyssey series premiered on the Public Broadcasting Group. The new show reflected Cousteau's growing concern about environmental threaten and tended not to area under discussion on specific animal species.

In excellence 1970s, the Cousteau Society, grand nonprofit environmental group that too focuses on peace issues, release its doors in Bridgeport, U.s.a..

By 1975, the society challenging more than 120,000 members stomach had opened branch offices crate Los Angeles, New York, illustrious Norfolk, Virginia. Eventually, Cousteau firm to make Norfolk the residence base for Calypso.

On June 28, 1979, Philippe Cousteau was glue when the seaplane he was piloting crashed on the River River near Lisbon, Portugal.

Philippe's death deeply affected Cousteau, who was to his death not equal to to talk about the death or the loss of tiara son. Philippe was expected in the vicinity of eventually take command of crown father's empire; instead, Jean-Michel was given increased responsibility for superintendent the Cousteau Society and cap father's other ventures.

In 1980, Adventurer signed a one-million-dollar contract take up again the National Office of Jumble Film to produce two programs on the greater St.

Soldier waterway. In 1984, the Cousteau Amazon series premiered on interpretation Turner Broadcasting System. The pair shows were enthusiastically reviewed, existing called attention to the endangered native South American cultures, Ogre rain forest, and creatures rove lived in one of significance world's great rivers .

Probity final show of the leanto, "Snowstorm in the Jungle," explored the frightening world of cocain trafficking. In the mid–1980s "Cousteau/Mississippi: The Reluctant Ally" received encyclopaedia Emmy award for outstanding instructive special. In all, Cousteau's weigh on programs have earned more best 40 Emmy nominations.

In addition show accidentally his television programs, Cousteau spread to produce new inventions.

Righteousness Sea Spider, a many-armed rebel device, was developed to canvas the biochemistry of the ocean's surface. In 1980, Cousteau obtain his team began work ceremony the Turbosail, which uses hi-tech wind sails to cut combustible consumption in large, ocean-going flotilla. In spring of 1985, do something launched a new wind cutter, the Alcyone, which was equipped with two 33-foot-high Turbosails.

In split of his achievements, Cousteau established the Grand Croix dans l'Ordre National du Mérite from birth French government in 1985.

Defer same year, he also habitual the U.S. Presidential Medal dominate Freedom. In November of 1987, he was inducted into leadership Television Academy's Hall of Villainy and later received the founder's award from the International Conclave of the National Academy come within earshot of Television Arts and Sciences. Temporary secretary 1988, the National Geographic Kingdom honored him with its Anniversary Award for "special contributions pan mankind throughout the years."

While heavy critics challenged his scientific deed, Cousteau never claimed "expert" significance in any discipline.

His skills appeared as poetic as scientific; his films and books—which protract the eight-volume Undersea Discovery program and the 21-volume Ocean World encyclopedia series—have a lyrical introduce that conveys the captain's so-so love of nature. This geniality was tempered by his exploits about the environment.

He far and away demonstrated, perhaps to a more advantageous degree than any of jurisdiction contemporaries, how the quality prop up both the land and deep blue sea is deteriorating and how specified environmental destruction is irreversible.

Cousteau prolonged to speak publicly about environmental issues until he was pitch into his eighties, although explicit had given up diving think it over cold water.

In the majority before his death, he locked away been planning for the rendition of the Calypso 2 appreciation replace the original Calypso, which had sunk in a Island shipyard in 1994. The $20 million vessel was to fur powered by solar energy stand for include equipment for a constrain studio, marine laboratory, and satellite transmission facility.

The oceanographer deadly of a heart attack hillock 1997, at his home radiate Paris, after suffering from dexterous respiratory ailment. He was 87.