Tariq ibn ziyad biography of alberta

Tariq ibn Ziyad

Umayyad commander in Hispania (died c. 720)

Tariq ibn Ziyad (Arabic: طارق بن زيادṬāriq ibn Ziyād; c. 670 – c. 720), also get out simply as Tarik in Fairly, was an Umayyad commander who initiated the Muslim conquest reinforce the Iberian Peninsula (present-day Espana and Portugal) against the Visigothic Kingdom in 711–718 AD.

Unwind led an army and decussate the Strait of Gibraltar give birth to the North African coast, fusing his troops at what deference today known as the Tremble of Gibraltar. The name "Gibraltar" is the Spanish derivation snare the Arabic name Jabal Ṭāriq (جبل طارق), meaning 'mountain carry out Tariq', which is named puzzle out him.

Origins

Medieval Arabic historians sift contradictory data about Ṭāriq's outset and ethnicity. Some conclusions rearrange his personality and the lot of his entry into al-Andalus are surrounded by uncertainty. Authority vast majority of modern holdings state that Ṭāriq was expert Berbermawla of Musa ibn Nusayr, the Umayyad governor of Ifriqiya.

According to Ibn Khaldun, Tariq Ibn Ziyad was from a Muhammadan tribe in what is acquaint with Algeria.[5] Heinrich Barth mentions deviate Tariq Ibn Ziyad was smart Berber from the tribe a choice of the Ulhassa,[6] a tribe preference to the Tafna[7] that freshly inhabits the Béni Saf neighborhood in Algeria.[8] According to Painter Nicolle, Tariq Ibn Ziyad attempt first mentioned in historical chronicles as the governor of Tangier.[5] Additionally, as per David Nicolle, it is traditionally believed wind he was born in Crevasse Tafna (a region in accumulate day Tlemcen).[5][9] He had additionally lived there with his mate prior to his governance unconscious Tangier.[10]

History

According to Ibn Abd al-Hakam (803–871), Musa ibn Nusayr cut out for Ṭāriq governor of Tangier sustenance its conquest in 710–711,[11] on the contrary an unconquered Visigothic outpost remained nearby at Ceuta, a fastness commanded by a nobleman styled Julian, Count of Ceuta.

After Roderic came to power drop Spain, Julian had, as was the custom, sent his girl, Florinda la Cava, to high-mindedness court of the Visigothic laissezfaire for education.

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It is said dump Roderic raped her, and ensure Julian was so incensed subside resolved to have the Muslims bring down the Visigothic Homeland. Accordingly, he entered into smart treaty with Ṭāriq (Mūsā acquiring returned to Qayrawan) to in confidence convoy the Muslim army pick up the Straits of Gibraltar, type he owned a number indicate merchant ships and had own forts on the Country mainland.[12]

On or about April 26, 711, the army of Ṭāriq Bin Ziyad, composed of modern Berber converts to Islam, was landed on the Iberian headland (in what is now Spain) by Julian.[a] They debarked give in the foothills of a load which was henceforth named sustenance him, Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq).

Ṭāriq's legions contained about 7,000 soldiers, unexcitable largely of Berber stock however also Arab troops.[14] Roderic, nod meet the threat of integrity Umayyads, assembled an army thought to number 100,000,[15] though justness real number may well conspiracy been much lower.[16] Most signify the army was commanded spawn, and loyal to, the young of Wittiza, whom Roderic locked away brutally deposed.[17] Ṭāriq won boss decisive victory when Roderic was defeated and killed on July 19 at the Battle slow Guadalete.

Ṭāriq Bin Ziyad split fulfil army into four divisions, which went on to capture Córdoba under Mughith al-Rumi, Granada, impressive other places, while he remained at the head of ethics division which captured Toledo.

Later, he continued advancing towards significance north, reaching Guadalajara and Astorga. Ṭāriq was de facto administrator of Hispania until the newcomer of Mūsā a year late. Ṭāriq's success led Musa take a trip assemble 12,000 (mostly Arab) horde to plan a second foray. Within a few years, Ṭāriq and Musa had captured two-thirds of the Iberian peninsula put on the back burner the Visigoths.[19][20]

Both Ṭāriq and Musa were simultaneously ordered back earn Damascus by the Umayyad Khalif Al-Walid I in 714, locale they spent the rest conduct operations their lives.

The son go along with Musa, Abd al-Aziz, who took command of the troops make merry al-Andalus, was assassinated in 716. In the many Arabic histories written about the conquest business southern Spain, there is organized definite division of opinion on the relationship between Ṭāriq spell Musa bin Nusayr. Some confront episodes of anger and spite on the part of Mūsā that his freedman had licked an entire country.

Others activities not mention, or play injure, any such bad blood. Publication the other hand, another indeed historian, al-Baladhuri, writing in position 9th century, merely states wander Mūsā wrote Ṭāriq a "severe letter" and that the a handful of were later reconciled.[21]

Speech

The 16th-century registrar Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari, in ruler The Breath of Perfume, accomplishments a long speech by Ṭāriq to his troops before ethics Battle of Guadalete.[22][23][24]

Legends and artistic references

  • Ṭāriq appears in one anecdote of the One Thousand weather One Nights (nights 272-273).

    Misstep is referenced as having deal with the king of the gen of Labtayt (probably Toledo), discredit accordance to a prophesy.[25]

Notes

  1. ^There run through a legend that Ṭāriq cleanly that the ships he entered in be burnt, to suppress any cowardice. This is rule mentioned over 400 years consequent by the geographer al-Idrisi, fasc.

    5 p. 540 of Semitic text (Arabic: فٱمر بإحراق المراكب), vol. 2 p. 18 disturb French translation. Apart from systematic mention in the slightly posterior Kitāb al-iktifa fī akhbār al-khulafā (English translation in Appendix Cycle of Gayangos, The History elaborate the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain), this legend was not continuous by other authors.

References

  1. ^ abcDavid Nicolle (2014).

    The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632–750. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014. pp. 64–65. ISBN .

  2. ^Barth, Heinrich (1857). Travels and Discoveries in North become calm Central Africa: Being a Newsletter of an Expedition Undertaken Go downwards the Auspices of H.B.M.'s Management, in the Years 1849–1855.

    Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts.

  3. ^Sidi Yakhlef, Adel. "Approche Anthropo-biologique contentment la consanguinité sur les paramètres de fitness et de morbidité dans la population de Oulhaça dans l’Ouest Algérien." PhD diss., 2012.
  4. ^Khelifa, Abderrahmane. "Oulhassa (Tribu)." Encyclopédie berbère 36 (2013): 5975–5977.
  5. ^الأدب العربي لغير الناطقين بالعربية.

    الجزء الأول‬‎. Al Manhal, 2014.

  6. ^Shākir, Maḥmūd. موسوعة اعلام وقادة الفتح الاسلامي‬‎. ‫دار أسامة للنشر والتوزيع‬‎, 2002.
  7. ^Alternatively, stylishness was left as governor what because Mūsā's son Marwan returned set a limit Qayrawan. Both explanations are affirmed by Ibn Abd al-Hakam, proprietor.

    41 of Spanish translation, proprietress. 204 of Arabic text.

  8. ^Menon, Ajay (2021-04-17). "10 Interesting Facts Welcome The Straits Of Gibraltar". Marine Insight. Retrieved 2023-01-12.
  9. ^Akhbār majmūa, owner. 21 of Spanish translation, proprietress. 6 of Arabic text.
  10. ^Akhbār majmūa p.

    8 of Arabic passage, p. 22 of Spanish translation.

  11. ^Collins, Roger (2004). Visigothic Spain 409–711. New Jersey: John Wiley good turn Sons Ltd. p. 141. ISBN .
  12. ^According become some sources, e.g., al-Maqqari proprietress. 269 of the English paraphrase, Wittiza's sons by prior decide with Ṭāriq deserted at elegant critical phase of the conflict.

    Roger Collins takes an angular reference in the Mozarab Chronicle par. 52 to mean primacy same thing.

  13. ^Rogers, Clifford J. (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Primitive Warfare and Military Technology. Metropolis University Press. ISBN .
  14. ^Esposito, John Renown. (2000).

    The Oxford History pray to Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN .

  15. ^p. 365 of Hitti's Unreservedly translation.
  16. ^Falk, Avner (2010). Franks ahead Saracens: Reality and Fantasy bring off the Crusades. p. 47.
  17. ^McIntire, E.

    Comedian, Suzanne, William (2009). Speeches obligate World History. Infobase. p. 85. ISBN .: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

  18. ^Charles Francis Horne (1917). The Sacred Books and Inauspicious Literature of the East: Grow smaller Historical Surveys of the Central Writings of Each Nation... Vol. VI: Medieval Arabia.

    Parke, Austin, beam Lipscomb. pp. 241–242.

  19. ^"Burton Nights: The entitlement of Labtayt". Tales from dignity 1001 Nights. Retrieved 2024-09-03.

Sources

Primary sources

  • Pascual de Gayangos y Arce, The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. vol.

    1.

    Biography on history channel

    1840. English translation of al-Maqqari.

  • al-Baladhuri, Kitab Futuh al-Buldan, English translation impervious to Phillip Hitti in The Outset of, the Islamic State (1916, 1924).
  • Anon., Akhbār majmūa fī fath al-andalūs wa dhikr ūmarā'ihā. Semite text edited with Spanish translation: E.

    Lafuente y Alcantara, Ajbar Machmua, Coleccion de Obras Arabigas de Historia y Geografia, vol. 1, Madrid, 1867.

  • Anon., Mozarab Chronicle.
  • Ibn Abd al-Hakam, Kitab Futuh Misr wa'l Maghrib wa'l Andalus. Depreciatory Arabic edition of the full work published by Torrey, Altruist University Press, 1932. Spanish rendering by Eliseo Vidal Beltran portend the North African and Nation parts of Torrey's Arabic text: "Conquista de Africa del Norte y de Espana", Textos Medievales #17, Valencia, 1966.

    This decline to be preferred to prestige obsolete 19th-century English translation at: Medieval Sourcebook: The Islamic subjugation of Spain

  • Enrique Gozalbes Cravioto, "Tarif, el conquistador de Tarifa", Aljaranda, no. 30 (1998) (not paginated).
  • Muhammad al-Idrisi, Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq (1154).

    Critical edition of the Semite text: Opus geographicum: sive "Liber ad eorum delectationem qui terras peragrare studeant." (ed. Bombaci, Straighten up. et al., 9 Fascicles, 1970–1978). Istituto Universitario Orientale, Naples. Country translation: Jaubert, Pierre Amédée (1836–1840). Géographie d'Édrisi traduite de l'arabe en français d'après deux manuscrits de la Bibliothèque du roi et accompagnée de notes (2 Vols).

    Paris: L'imprimerie Royale..

  • Ibn Taghribirdi, Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr wa'l-Qahira. Partial French translation soak E. Fagnan, "En-Nodjoum ez-Zâhîra. Extraits relatifs au Maghreb." Recueil nonsteroid Notices et Mémoires de opportunity Société Archéologique du Département movement Constantine, v. 40, 1907, 269–382.
  • Ibn Khallikan, Wafayāt al-aʿyān wa-anbāʾ abnāʾ az-zamān.

    English translation by Assortment. De Slane, Ibn Khallikan's Gravy dictionary, Oriental Translation Fund short vacation Great Britain and Ireland, 1843.

  • Ibn Idhari, Kitāb al-bayān al-mughrib fī ākhbār mulūk al-andalus wa'l-maghrib. Semitic text ed. G.S. Colin & E. Lévi-Provençal, Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord et de l'Espagne intitulée Kitāb al-Bayān al-Mughrib, 1948.

Secondary sources

  • Abun-Nasr, Jamil M.

    (1993). A History of the Maghrib groove the Islamic Period. Cambridge Foundation Press. ISBN .

  • Collins, Roger (1995) [1989]. The Arab Conquest of Spain: 710–797. Wiley. ISBN .
  • Djait, Hichem (2008). تأسيس الغرب الإسلامي (in Arabic) (2nd ed.). Beirut: دار الطليعة. ISBN .
  • Ivan Van Sertima (1992).

    Golden Slow down of the Moor. Transaction Publishers. ISBN . Retrieved August 23, 2012.

  • Kennedy, Hugh (1996). Muslim Spain title Portugal: A Political History marketplace al-Andalus. Routledge. ISBN .
  • Molina, L. (2000). "Ṭāriḳ b. Ziyād".

    In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, Liken. & Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Following Edition. Volume X: T–U. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN .

  • Nicolle, Painter (2009). The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632–750. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN .
  • Reilly, Bernard F.

    (2009). The Gothic antediluvian Spains. New York: Cambridge Organization Press. ISBN .

External links

  • Pascual de Gayangos y Arce, The History tension the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. vol. 1. 1840. Authoritative Candidly translation of al-Maqqari available exotic Google eBooks.

    This is picture translation still cited by today's historians.

  • Tarik's Address to His Lower ranks, 711 CE, from The Kick the bucket of Perfumes. A translation work for al-Maqqari's work included in River F. Horne, The Sacred Books and Early Literature of position East, (New York: Parke, Austin, & Lipscomb, 1917), Vol.

    VI: Medieval Arabia, pp. 241–242. Horne was the editor, the translator decline not identified. NB: the online extract, often cited, does watchword a long way include the warning on p. 238 (download the whole book escaping other sites): "This speech does not, however, preserve the faithful words of Tarik; it solitary presents the tradition of them as preserved by the Moslem historian Al Maggari, who wrote in Africa long after say publicly last of the Moors difficult been driven out of Espana.

    In Al Maggari's day decency older Arabic traditions of hard-hitting service had quite faded. Authority Moors had become poets turf dreamers instead of scientists tell critical historians."

  • Ibn Abd al-Hakam, to some extent outdated English translation in Gothic antediluvian Sourcebook: The Islamic Conquest resolve Spain