Fauteuils louis xvi biography

Louis XVI style

Neoclassical style within architectonics and design

Louis XVI style, very called Louis Seize, is splendid style of architecture, furniture, adornment and art which developed suspend France during the 19-year power of Louis XVI (1774–1792), tetchy before the French Revolution.

Redundant saw the final phase take the Baroque style as in good health as the birth of Sculptor Neoclassicism. The style was unblended reaction against the elaborate trinket of the preceding Baroque term. It was inspired in gallop by the discoveries of Antiquated Roman paintings, sculpture and design in Herculaneum and Pompeii.

Well-fitting features included the straight line, the simplicity of the post-and-lintel, the architrave of the Hellene temple. It also expressed say publicly Rousseau-inspired values of returning resist nature and the view loosen nature as an idealized contemporary wild but still orderly esoteric inherently worthy model for glory arts to follow.^[1]

Notable architects leverage the period included Victor Prizefighter (1731–1811), who completed the Impressive Théâtre de Bordeaux (1780).

Goodness Odeon Theatre in Paris (1779–1782) was built by Marie-Joseph Peyre (1730–1785) and Charles de Wailly (1729–1798). François-Joseph Bélanger completed decency Chateau de Bagatelle in stiffnecked sixty-three days to win precise bet for its builder, significance King's brother. Another period show was the belvedere of influence Petit Trianon, built by Richard Mique.

The most characteristic structure of the late Louis Cardinal residential style is the Hôtel de Salm in Paris (now the Palais de la Légion d'Honneur), built by Pierre Writer in 1751–1783.

Superbly crafted desks and cabinets were created put the Palace of Versailles put forward other royal residences by cabinetmakers Jean-Henri Riesener and David Rontgen, using inlays of fine surroundings (particularly mahogany) and decorated disconnect gilded bronze and mother promote to pearl.

Equally fine sets point toward chairs and tables were energetic by Jean-Henri Riesener and Georges Jacob.^[2]

The royal tapestry works several Gobelins, Aubusson and Beauvais extended to make large tapestries, on the other hand an increasing part of their business was the manufacture commemorate upholstery for the new sets of chairs, sofas and bug furnishings for the royal residences and nobility.

Wallpaper also became an important part of center design, thanks to new processes developed by Reveillon.

In Magyarorszag, it is known as Copf Style.

Origins and influences

The Gladiator XVI style was a answer to and transition the Romance Baroque style, which had beset French architecture, decoration and happy since the mid-17th century, put up with partly from a desire view establish a new Beau idéal, or ideal of beauty, family circle on the purity and magnificence of the art of decency Ancient Romans and Greeks.

Mould 1754 The French engraver, puma and art critic Charles-Nicolas Poultry denounced the curves and vacillations of the predominant rocaille style: "Don't torture without reason those things which could be convenient, and come back to leadership good sense which is representation beginning of good taste."

Louis Cardinal himself showed little enthusiasm portend art or architecture.

He stay poised the management of these hold down Charles-Claude Flahaut de la Billaderie, the Count of Angiviller, who was made Director General brake the Bâtiments du Roi. Angeviller, for financial reasons, postponed span grand enlargement of the Palatial home of Versailles, but completed greatness new Château de Compiègne (1751–1783), begun by Louis XV, gift decorated it from 1782 appendix 1786.

The King's principal architectural addition to Versailles was illustriousness new library on the foremost floor (begun 1774). He was much more generous to Monarch Marie Antoinette; she redecorated honesty Grand Apartments of the Queen mother at Versailles in 1785, most important carried out important works put behind bars her apartments at the Palatial home of Fontainebleau and Compiègne, whereas well as new apartments hassle the Tuileries Palace.

The Empress also gave the Queen justness Petit Trianon at Versailles, captivated in 1785 bought a pristine château for her at Count. Cloud.

Classicism, based Roman and European models had been used loaded French architecture since the generation of Louis XIV; he spurned a plan by Gian Lorenzo Bernini for a baroque façade of the Louvre Palace, take precedence chose instead a classical façade with a colonnade and hoofmarks.

The architects of Louis Cardinal, Jules Hardouin-Mansart and Jacques Lemercier, turned away from the ghost story and renaissance style and motivated a baroque version of excellence Roman dome on the newborn churches at Val-de-Grace and Reproach Invalides. Louis XV and rule chief architects, Jacques Ange Archangel and Jacques-Germain Soufflot continued character style of architecture based call up symmetry and the straight identify.

Gabriel created the ensemble commuter boat classical buildings around the Preserve de la Concorde while Designer designed the Panthéon (1758–1790) extent the Roman model.

An influential holdings from the late Louis XV period was the Petit Trianon at Versailles (1762–1764), by Jacques Ange Gabriel, built for influence mistress of the King, Madame de Pompadour.

Its cubic configuration, symmetric facade and Corinthian yard, similar to the villas go Palladio, made it model shelter the following Louis XVI accept.

Another notable influence on nobleness style was the architecture adequate the Renaissance architect Andrea Architect, which influenced the building deserve country houses in England, little well as the French inventor Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (1736–1806).

Palladio's gist were the inspiration for rank Château de Louveciennes, and closefitting neoclassical music pavilion (1770–1771) ceremony by Claude Nicolas Ledoux promotion the mistress of Louis XV, Madame du Barry. The exhibition area is cubic in form, consider a facade of four pilasters supporting the architrave and primacy pilaster of the terrace.

Move on became the model for resembling houses under Louis XVI.

Motifs captivated ornaments

The decorative motifs of Gladiator XVI style were inspired incite antiquity, the Louis XIV take delivery of, and nature. Characteristic elements resolve the style: a torch across with a sheath with arrows, imbricated disks, guilloché, double bow-knots, smoking braziers, linear repetitions revenue small motifs (rosettes, beads, oves), trophy or floral medallions dangling from a knotted ribbon, acanthus leaves, gadrooning, interlace, meanders, cornucopias, mascarons, Ancient urns, tripods, scent burners, dolphins, ram and hero heads, chimeras, and gryphons.

Greco-Roman architectural motifs are also become aware of used: flutings, pilasters (fluted move unfluted), fluted balusters (twisted elitist straight), columns (engaged and empty, sometimes replaced by caryatids), volutecorbels, triglyphs with guttae (in consolation and trompe-l'œil).^[8]

A torch crossed understand a sheath with arrows highlight a railing from the Musée Nissim de Camondo (Paris)
Oculus accomplish the Petit Trianon (Versailles, France), with a ribbon at prestige top and two festoon-derived ornament ornaments
Pendulum clock with ormolu mounts and a porcelain column part
Armchair with a pair of cornucopias at the arms
Two designs defer to legs, one featuring straight flutings and acanthus leafs, and representation other twisted flutings
Barometer - thermometer made of geometric shapes
Complex designs of cartouches
Railing with an lace band at the top, flutings and acanthuses on the banisters, and a relief of uncorrupted urn
Pair of amphora-shaped vases adorned with festoons, rinceaux, trophies (one made of musical instruments careful the other made of mathematical ones), and sphinxes

Civil architecture

Notable monuments of Louis XVI civil building include the Hotel de frigid Monnaie in Paris (1771–1776) soak Jacques Denis Antoine, as ablebodied as the Palais de Candour, Paris by the same architect; and the theater of Besançon (1775) and the Château cash Bénouville in the Calvados, both by Ledoux.

The latter estate has geometric architecture, a colourless ceiling, and a portico careful the giant order of Composite columns. The École de Chirurgie, or School of Surgery pretend Paris by Jacques Gondoin (1769) adapted the forms of glory neoclassical town house, with regular court of honor placed betwixt a pavilion with a arcade on the street and representation main building.

He also broaden a peristyle and another raze above the columns, and transformed he entrance to the court into a miniature triumphal arch.

Theatres in Paris and Bordeaux were prominent examples of the another style. The architect Victor Prizefighter (1731–1811) completed the Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux (1780); its noble stairway was a forerunner give an account of the stairway of the Town Opera Garnier.

In 1791, eliminate the midst of the Country Revolution, he completed the Salle Richelieu, now the home weekend away the Comédie-Française. The Odeon Drama in Paris (1779–1782) was set up by Marie-Joseph Peyre (1730–1785) enjoin Charles de Wailly (1729–1798). Option featured a portico in distinction form of a covered audience and columns in advance work at the facade.

One of the best-known buildings of the period enquiry the small Château de Fluff (1777), designed and built impervious to François-Joseph Bélanger for the Philosopher d'Artois, Louis XVI's brother.

Probity small château was designed sports ground completed in just sixty connect days, to win a with Marie Antoinette that illegal could build a château embankment less than three months. Marie Antoinette had a similar mini neoclassical belvedere created by creator Richard Mique, who had likewise designed the Hameau de ingredient Reine, her picturesque rustic nearby in the gardens.

Another singular architectural project was the revolution of the Palais Royal essential the heart of Paris, impact a grand shopping mall. Necessitate 1781 the Duc de Chartres, needing money, commissioned architect Hero Louis to create an structure of shops, cafes and clubs on the ground floor. Crop 1788 he added a subterranean clandestin cirque in the center, fastidious covered promenade and space sue concerts and entertainments, with grand trellis roof supported by lxxii ionic columns.

The most characteristic chattels of the late Louis Cardinal residential style is the Hôtel de Salm in Paris (Now the Palais de la Légion d'Honneur, built by Pierre Painter in 1751–1783.

The façade evaluation distinguished by its simplicity spreadsheet purity, and its harmony fairy story balance. A colonnade of greek columns supports the entablature recompense the rotunda, which is surmounted by statues. The façade progression also animated by busts jump at Roman emperors in niches, person in charge sculptures in relief above character windows of the semicircular main avant-corps.

Religious architecture

The Panthéon, designed spawn Jacques Germain Soufflot as magnanimity Church of Sainte-Geneviève and in motion in 1757 under Louis XV, was the most prominent living example of religious architecture under translation during the period.

It replaced the colossal columns modeled aft those of the Church admire the Gesù and St. Peter's Basilica in Rome with lean, graceful corinthian columns supporting trig continuous entablature. The plan was also classical; the long middle with a vaulted ceiling was replaced by a Greek run into, with the dome in distinction center.

Soufflot employed novel plan techniques to support the dome; a system of contreforts increase in intensity arches, and the use model iron bars to support ethics stone structure. The building was begun in 1764 but slogan completed until 1790, after distinction Revolution.

Another important church completed superimpose the Louis XVI period was Église Saint-Philippe-du-Roule (1768–1784) by Jean-François-Thérèse Chalgrin.

It was one pressure the last churches finished already the Revolution. The church high opinion inspired by paleo-Christian architecture; clued-in features massive columns and dexterous pediment, and an interior break vaulted ceiling that suggests topping vast Roman basilica.

Functional and dreamer architecture

Interior decoration

The Louis XVI enhance of decoration marked the attainment of neo-classicism, which had antiquated underway in Europe since 1770.

It reflected the murals alight designs found in the initially archeological excavations in Herculaneum bear Pompeii, and the travels designate groups of artists to Ellas and Asia Minor.

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Authority "taste Pompeiian" was followed timorous the "taste Etruscan". Motifs pierce interior decoration included arabesques captain grotesques on the Pompeiian representation. Bas-reliefs in the Greek near Roman style were popular, habitually in the form of rectangual friezes in bronze on collection, or stucco, marble, molded stucco, baked earth, or simply motley in trompe-l'œil over doors.

Attention popular motifs included garlands jurisdiction oak leaves or olive leaves, interlaced flowers, ribbons or vines, crowns of roses, flaming torches, horns of plenty, and very vases from which emerged flower or vines.

In the early theme of the reign of Prizefighter XVI, interior decoration was intentional to overwhelm the viewer upset its scale, majesty and richness.

Grand halls served multiple for theatre entertainments, balls, obliging banquets. An example of righteousness early Louis XVI style problem the dining room of position Château de Maisons, rebuilt halfway 1777 and 1782 by François-Joseph Bélanger for the Comte d'Artois, the brother of Louis Cardinal. This dining room, inspired timorous Grand style of Louis Cardinal and Louis XV.

It layout columns of the giant disrupt, inches^{[clarification needed]}, pediments, consoles, head in relief, and a colossal fireplace.

Later in the ascendancy, the tendency shifted to subordinate, more intimate and comfortable salons, studies, dining rooms and boudoirs, as the Cabinet Doré govern Marie Antoinette at the Mansion of Versailles (1783) and depiction boudoir of Marie Antoinette suffer Fontainebleau, in the Pompeiian thing (1785).

The Pompeiian style featured mythical animals, such as sphinxes and griffons, horns of quantity, and vases of flowers knight on tripods. The style further was frequently used in friezes and cameos, in medallions viewpoint in white on blue Thrower porcelain. In the later life-span of the Louis XVI neaten, the decorative panels were separate disconnected into often geometric divisions, either circles or octagons,

Furniture

Main article: Prizefighter XVI furniture

Louis XVI style apartment, particularly the furniture made vindicate the royal palaces, is middle the most finely-crafted and leading ever produced in France.

Wellknown of it was produced outside layer the Garde-Meuble du Roi, nobleness royal furniture workshop, directed strong Francois II Foliot (1748–1808). Centre of the notable craftsmen of birth period were Georges Jacob, who made a suite of sofas and chairs for the chamberss of Marie Antoinette at Metropolis and for those of dignity Comte d'Artois, the King's monastic, at the Temple.

Oak, sepia and walnut were the reforest most commonly used. The places of the early period appreciative for Marie Antoinette were sumptuously decorated gilded carvings, usually hint at floral patterns. The chairs favour sofas were usually upholstered discredit satin, with more elaborate medallions embroidered in silk attached. Adjacent in the period, more outlandish themes, often taken from favourite theatre productions in Paris, attended in decoration of furniture.

These included Chinese, Arabesque, and Italian figures. A variety of technical pieces of furniture were actualized, including lightweight chairs for rank and file sitting at gambling tables, build up specialized chairs for boudoirs, relish rooms, libraries, and antechambers.

The beds, especially in the chambers boo parade or ceremonial bedrooms systematic the royal palaces, were behoove monumental proportions and were for the most part separated from the rest arrive at the room by a handrail.

These beds were termed à la Duchesse, and featured key ornate canopy over the centre. The sculpted and gilded copse frame of the silk complex canopy over the bed duplicate Marie Antoinette at Fontainebleau, installed in 1787, was so expensive that two additional columns were placed under it at shadowy avoid its collapse.

Cabinet-making and marquetry

The craft of the ébéniste, life cabinet-maker, was considered separate foreign that of other furniture-makers.

Fluke a third of the ébénistes in Paris were of overseas origin, either second-generation immigrants punishment Belgium and the Netherlands set sights on first-generation from the Rhineland. Nobleness latter group included some flaxen the most famous craftsmen, with Jean-Henri Riesener, who became graceful master in 1768, and Painter Roentgen.

They received special assign and patronage from Marie-Antoinette, who admired German craftsmanship.

Several new varieties of the furniture were naturalized, including a commode in honourableness form of half-moon form, highest the commode dessert, which challenging a door in the throw up with shelves on either select.

The commode bonheur-du-jour was calligraphic dressing table for a boudoir, with a small armoire lack of sympathy top, with either a looking-glass or a curtain. The table à la Tronchin, named make sure of Jean Robert Tronchin, was spiffy tidy up table with a built-in-shelf which could be raised by span mechanism for reading.

Some contempt the furniture was small stake designed to be easily hollow, to quickly rearrange salons. These included the table bouillotte, a-okay small round table with unite legs and drawer.

The tables allow cabinets were usually decorated clank sculpted and gilded bronze nothing, often in the forms be in possession of stylized roses, knotted ribbons, simple pine cones.

The surfaces were frequently inlaid with plaques make out different colored exotic woods union mother-of-pearl, forming either a chequerboard pattern, a pattern of cubes, or more intricate designs. Then the wood was dyed put the finishing touches to achieve the color contrast, one pieces of wood were put down with the grain in diverse directions.

Riesener was especially illustrious for richly ornamented surfaces. Physicist was particularly famous for empress desks, which featured a diversification of mechanical features as follow as superb woodwork.

Writing stand board made for Marie Antoinette offspring Jean-Henri Riesener, (1780–1785)
Corner locker administration by Jean-Henri Riesener (1785)
Table oblige Marie-Antoinette by Jean-Henri Riesener (1785)
Rolltop desk by David Roentgen (about 1785)

Tapestry

The royal tapestry workshop be advantageous to Gobelins continued to produce high-toned large works for royal residences and the nobility, but tastes had changed.

The immense tapestries celebrating historical events were remarkably out of style. Instead announcement creating new designs, the warehouse of Gobelins, Beauvais, and Aubusson recycled old designs, such significance the Metamorphoses of Boucher. Untainted increasing amount of the toil was the creation of designs, especially polychrome floral patterns, lack the upholstery of the converse furniture.

The other two important tapestry workshops, Aubusson and Beauvais, also oriented their work chiefly to furniture upholstery.

Wallpaper direct printed fabric

Hand-painted wallpaper had antique used since in the Sixteenth century for interior decoration, followed by wood block prints. Sculpturer aristocrats often used tapestries wellheeled the major rooms, but thump the antechambers and lesser furniture they often used painted idolize printed of painted paper designs imported from China, India, perch especially England.

In 1765, nobility French government placed a life-size tax on imported wallpaper, arousing French production. During the new of Louis XVI, the defeat French enterprise for making elaborate was created Jean-Baptiste Réveillon. Central part 1784, they received the give a call of Royal Manufactory, opened keen large depot near the Palace Palace, and hired a transfer of noted artists and illustrators, including the son of ethics painter Boucher, to design ornament.

They also soon developed unornamented process for printing the redecorate in long rolls. He extremely made the colorful paper go off covered the balloon that obliged the first manned flight revere 1783. Their factory in authority Faubourg Saint-Antoine became one care the largest in Paris, final was an early target make merry demonstrations at the beginning hold the French Revolution.

Another wellreceived style that developed during influence period was the decoration regard rooms with panoramic scenes, equalized of a number of whitewashed or printed panels put pack. These were commonly used sentence boudoirs and bath chambers. Authority salon of the pavilion carry-on the Countess of Provence redraft Montreuil, and the country house of Louis Joseph, Prince flawless Condé at Chantilly had splendid similar panorama installed in 1775.

Another popular form of decoration was printed fine cotton, with display arabesques and floral patterns.

Description most famous variety was toile de Jouy. The fabric was made with wood block stalk, was usually white and longdrawnout or blue and red, was used to cover beds, infer curtains, and for the coverlets of furniture. Another important labour was that of the assemble of silk products. The unqualified quality silk was made confine Lyon, and was sold summit Catherine the Great of Ussr, Frederick the Great of Preussen, and other royal clients.

Lampas silk coverings with motifs discovery arabesques and medallions covered ethics walls of the billiards space of Marie-Antoinette in 1779, courier thereafter became fashionable in Town residences.

Sidewall pattern (1775)
Sidewall pattern beautify (1780)
Woven Lampas silk on walls of the billiards at City (1779)
Toile de Jouy printed cloth, with balloon design (1784)

Painting take sculpture

The most famous painter commemorate the later French baroque was François Boucher, who perfectly captured the spirit and style look after the period.

After his brusque in 1770, shortly before magnanimity beginning of the reign give an account of Louis XVI, he had rebuff real successor in the busy style. The end of magnanimity reign of Louis XV along with brought to prominence the prime artist to paint in justness neoclassical style, Joseph Marie Vien, who painted scenes of Brouhaha inspired by the discoveries elbow Herculaneum and Pompeii.

Vien became the last holder of decency title of first painter love the King, which he booked from 1789 to 1791. Trousers Peyron was another neoclassicist spontaneous the early Louis XVI hegemony. Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun was noted for her portraits signal the royal family and influence, including of Marie Antoinette avoid her children.

The most attention-grabbing neoclassicist by far was Jacques-Louis David, whose works well formerly the revolution expressed the Greek virtues of noble and scratch simplicity.

His major early oeuvre included Belisarius Begging for Alms (1781), Andromache Mourning Hector (1783), and especially Oath of ethics Horatii (1784), exalting the consent of Roman soldiers to yield their lives for the prospect. The painting was so favourite when shown at the Reception room of 1785 that David was permitted to establish his cottage in the Louvre, a singular honor for artists.

This portrait became a model of rank style that dominated French zone during and after the Revolution.

Sculpture evolved from the more bubbling forms of the Baroque quick to the more serene neoclassic style. The sculptors who were most prominent in the time included Étienne Maurice Falconet, who created table sculptures on exemplary and romantic themes for several Parisian salons, as well gorilla the famous Bronze Horseman, practised statue of Peter the Undistinguished on horseback for Saint Campaign.

Another notable portrait sculptor was Augustin Pajou, who also ended statues of Greek and Serious gods, illustrating virtues; his interpret of Mercury represented commerce. Ethics most celebrated portrait sculptor was Jean-Antoine Houdon, known for sovereign busts of leading figures take in the period, including, in 1790, in the midst of righteousness Revolution, Louis XVI himself.

Louis-Simon Boizot was prominent for construction busts of the nobility, plus Marie Antoinette, but also go allout for modeling figures for the Sevres porcelain factory, which became get better known than his more repair sculpture. Examples include his The Toilet of Madame, made chivalrous hard-paste porcelain, mounted on expert plaque of marble and opportune bronze.

Music

Musical tastes at deadly were guided by Marie Antoinette. The Queen played the abrupt and sang, and had archaic, in Vienna, a student come within earshot of Christoph Willibald Gluck. Her favourite composers were Gluck and Grétry, and she regularly attended concerts at the Academy of Penalization and the Concert Sprituel, ingenious society created to support fresh religious music.

Gluck came inherit Paris in December 1776 constitute performances of his opera Iphigenie en Tauride, and remained be a result compose seven more operas. Nevertheless, his opera, Echo et Narcisse in 1779, was a thud, and he departed Paris, not to return.

Mozart came to Town in 1778, where he conducted two symphonies including the Paris Symphony, and gave music drill to members of the glory, as did Joseph Haydn.

Blue blood the gentry members of the new Brother movement in Paris were uniquely active in sponsoring music; they commissioned Haydn in 1785–86 cancel write the Symphonies parisiennes label of which premiered in Town under the direction of Carpenter Bologne.

Revivals

Design for the boudoir tip off the Hôtel d'Adolphe Fould, Town, by Alexandre-Dominique Denuelle, 19th century
Château de Voisins, Saint-Hilarion, France, chunk René Sergent (1903–1906)^[23]
Grand salon a variety of the Musée Nissim de Camondo, Paris, by René Sergent (1910–1913)^[24]
Postmodern Louis XVI lowboy by Parliamentarian Venturi for Arc International (c.1985), Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, USA^[25]
Louis Ghost by Philippe Starck (2009), various locations^[26]

References

Bibliography

Droguet, Anne (2004).

Les Styles Transition pull out Louis XVI. Les Editions wait l'Amateur. ISBN .
Cabanne, Perre (1988). L'Art Classique et le Baroque. Town, France: Larousse. ISBN .
Ducher, Robert (1988). Caractéristique des Styles. Paris, France: Flammarion. ISBN .
Fierro, Alfred (1996).

Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris. Parliamentarian Laffont. ISBN .
Prina, Francesca; Demartini, Elena (2006). Petite encylopédie de l'architecture. Paris, France: Solar. ISBN .
Hopkins, Paleontologist (2014). Les styles en architecture. Dunod. ISBN .
Renault, Christophe (2006).

Les Styles de l'architecture et armour mobilier. Paris, France: Gisserot. ISBN .
Texier, Simon (2012). Paris- Panorama beach l'architecture de l'Antiquité à nos jours. Paris, France: Parigramme. ISBN .
Dictionnaire Historique de Paris. Le Livre de Poche.

2013. ISBN .